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OpenAI VO 面试真题 #2:信用系统设计 - 乱序请求处理专家级攻略

2025-12-25

OAVOService 独家解析:为什么这题挂掉90%的候选人?

OpenAI 这道信用系统设计题看似简单,实际上是分布式系统、时序处理和状态管理的综合考察。许多候选人在"乱序请求"这个关键点上栽跟头,导致整个面试失利。

OAVOService 专业提醒:这类系统设计题不仅考察编程能力,更看重对现实业务场景的理解。我们已帮助300+学员成功攻克 OpenAI VO 面试,其中这道题的通过率达到95%。

题目完整描述

你需要为 OpenAI API 信用购买系统构建一个余额追踪系统。

核心功能需求

  1. 信用授予(Grant):用户可以购买信用额度,每笔额度有ID、激活时间和过期时间
  2. 信用扣减(Subtract):API调用时扣减信用,优先扣减即将过期的额度
  3. 余额查询(Balance):获取指定时间点的可用余额

关键挑战:乱序请求处理

核心难点:由于网络不稳定,请求可能乱序到达。例如:

接口定义

class Credits:
    def create_grant(
        self, 
        timestamp: int, 
        grant_id: str, 
        amount: int, 
        expiration_timestamp: int
    ) -> None:
        """创建信用授予"""
        pass
    
    def subtract(self, timestamp: int, amount: int) -> None:
        """扣减信用(优先扣减即将过期的)"""
        pass
    
    def get_balance(self, timestamp: int) -> int | None:
        """获取指定时间点余额"""
        pass

OAVOService 专家级解决方案

核心设计思路

  1. 事件溯源(Event Sourcing):记录所有操作,按时间戳重排执行
  2. 延迟计算:查询时才重新计算状态,确保时序正确
  3. 优先队列:自动处理过期时间优先级

完整实现方案

from heapq import heappush, heappop
from collections import defaultdict
import bisect

class Credits:
    def __init__(self):
        # 存储所有事件,按时间戳排序
        self.events = []  # [(timestamp, event_type, data), ...]
        
        # 缓存已计算的状态
        self.state_cache = {}  # {timestamp: (grants, balance)}
        self.sorted_timestamps = []
    
    def create_grant(self, timestamp, grant_id, amount, expiration_timestamp):
        """创建信用授予事件"""
        event = (timestamp, 'grant', {
            'grant_id': grant_id,
            'amount': amount,
            'expiration_timestamp': expiration_timestamp
        })
        
        # 插入事件并保持时间序
        bisect.insort(self.events, event)
        
        # 清除受影响的缓存
        self._invalidate_cache_from(timestamp)
    
    def subtract(self, timestamp, amount):
        """创建扣减事件"""
        event = (timestamp, 'subtract', {'amount': amount})
        bisect.insort(self.events, event)
        self._invalidate_cache_from(timestamp)
    
    def get_balance(self, timestamp):
        """获取指定时间点的余额"""
        if timestamp in self.state_cache:
            return self.state_cache[timestamp][1]
        
        # 重新计算到目标时间点的状态
        balance = self._compute_balance_at(timestamp)
        return balance
    
    def _compute_balance_at(self, target_timestamp):
        """计算指定时间点的余额"""
        # 获取所有在目标时间之前或等于的事件
        relevant_events = [
            event for event in self.events 
            if event[0] <= target_timestamp
        ]
        
        # 维护活跃的授予(按过期时间排序的最小堆)
        active_grants = []  # [(expiration_time, grant_id, remaining_amount)]
        
        for timestamp, event_type, data in relevant_events:
            if event_type == 'grant':
                # 只有在授予时间 <= target_timestamp 的才激活
                if timestamp <= target_timestamp:
                    heappush(active_grants, (
                        data['expiration_timestamp'],
                        data['grant_id'], 
                        data['amount']
                    ))
            
            elif event_type == 'subtract':
                # 执行扣减操作
                remaining_to_subtract = data['amount']
                temp_grants = []
                
                # 从最先过期的开始扣减
                while active_grants and remaining_to_subtract > 0:
                    exp_time, grant_id, remaining = heappop(active_grants)
                    
                    # 检查是否已过期
                    if exp_time <= target_timestamp:
                        continue  # 跳过已过期的
                    
                    if remaining <= remaining_to_subtract:
                        # 这个grant被完全消耗
                        remaining_to_subtract -= remaining
                    else:
                        # 部分消耗
                        temp_grants.append((exp_time, grant_id, remaining - remaining_to_subtract))
                        remaining_to_subtract = 0
                
                # 将未完全消耗的grants放回
                for grant in temp_grants:
                    heappush(active_grants, grant)
                
                if remaining_to_subtract > 0:
                    # 余额不足,但不抛异常(根据题目要求)
                    return 0
        
        # 计算最终余额(过滤掉已过期的)
        total_balance = 0
        for exp_time, grant_id, remaining in active_grants:
            if exp_time > target_timestamp:  # 未过期
                total_balance += remaining
        
        # 缓存结果
        self.state_cache[target_timestamp] = (active_grants.copy(), total_balance)
        bisect.insort(self.sorted_timestamps, target_timestamp)
        
        return total_balance
    
    def _invalidate_cache_from(self, timestamp):
        """清除从指定时间点开始的所有缓存"""
        # 找到需要清除的缓存
        idx = bisect.bisect_left(self.sorted_timestamps, timestamp)
        
        # 清除缓存
        for ts in self.sorted_timestamps[idx:]:
            self.state_cache.pop(ts, None)
        
        self.sorted_timestamps = self.sorted_timestamps[:idx]

优化版本:增量更新

class OptimizedCredits:
    def __init__(self):
        self.grants = {}  # grant_id -> Grant对象
        self.operations = []  # 按时间排序的操作记录
        self.snapshots = {}  # 时间点快照缓存
    
    def create_grant(self, timestamp, grant_id, amount, expiration_timestamp):
        self.grants[grant_id] = {
            'amount': amount,
            'expiration_timestamp': expiration_timestamp,
            'created_at': timestamp
        }
        
        operation = (timestamp, 'grant', grant_id, amount, expiration_timestamp)
        bisect.insort(self.operations, operation)
        
        # 清理受影响的快照
        self._cleanup_snapshots_from(timestamp)
    
    def subtract(self, timestamp, amount):
        operation = (timestamp, 'subtract', amount)
        bisect.insort(self.operations, operation)
        self._cleanup_snapshots_from(timestamp)
    
    def get_balance(self, timestamp):
        # 检查缓存
        if timestamp in self.snapshots:
            return self.snapshots[timestamp]
        
        # 找到最近的快照作为起点
        start_snapshot = self._find_nearest_snapshot(timestamp)
        
        # 从快照开始计算
        balance = self._compute_incremental_balance(start_snapshot, timestamp)
        
        # 保存快照
        self.snapshots[timestamp] = balance
        
        return balance
    
    def _find_nearest_snapshot(self, timestamp):
        """找到时间戳之前最近的快照"""
        best_ts = 0
        for ts in self.snapshots:
            if ts <= timestamp and ts > best_ts:
                best_ts = ts
        return best_ts
    
    def _compute_incremental_balance(self, from_timestamp, to_timestamp):
        """从某个时间点增量计算到目标时间点"""
        if from_timestamp in self.snapshots:
            # 从已有快照开始
            current_grants = self.snapshots[from_timestamp]['grants'].copy()
        else:
            # 从零开始
            current_grants = []
        
        # 处理时间区间内的所有操作
        relevant_ops = [
            op for op in self.operations 
            if from_timestamp < op[0] <= to_timestamp
        ]
        
        for operation in relevant_ops:
            timestamp, op_type = operation[0], operation[1]
            
            if op_type == 'grant':
                _, _, grant_id, amount, exp_time = operation
                current_grants.append({
                    'grant_id': grant_id,
                    'amount': amount,
                    'expiration_timestamp': exp_time,
                    'remaining': amount
                })
            
            elif op_type == 'subtract':
                _, _, amount = operation
                self._process_subtraction(current_grants, amount, timestamp)
        
        # 计算余额(排除过期的)
        total = sum(
            grant['remaining'] for grant in current_grants
            if grant['expiration_timestamp'] > to_timestamp
        )
        
        return total
    
    def _process_subtraction(self, grants, amount, current_time):
        """处理扣减操作"""
        # 按过期时间排序(最先过期的优先)
        grants.sort(key=lambda x: x['expiration_timestamp'])
        
        remaining = amount
        for grant in grants:
            if grant['expiration_timestamp'] <= current_time:
                continue  # 跳过已过期
            
            if grant['remaining'] <= 0:
                continue  # 跳过已用完
            
            if remaining <= 0:
                break  # 扣减完成
            
            deduct = min(grant['remaining'], remaining)
            grant['remaining'] -= deduct
            remaining -= deduct

面试官常见追问与 OAVOService 标准应答

Q1: 如何处理并发访问?

专家回答

Q2: 如何优化大量历史数据查询?

技术方案

Q3: 系统容灾如何设计?

架构考虑

OAVOService 独家面试技巧

回答框架 STAR-T

  1. Situation:明确业务场景和技术挑战
  2. Task:拆解具体的技术任务
  3. Action:展示解决方案的设计思路
  4. Result:说明方案的优势和权衡
  5. Technical Deep Dive:主动深入技术细节

代码实现要点

  1. 边界处理:空余额、负数、重复ID等
  2. 性能考虑:时间复杂度分析和优化思路
  3. 扩展性:如何支持更多功能(批量操作、事务等)

相关延伸题目

总结与面试成功策略

信用系统设计考察的是候选人对复杂业务场景的抽象能力和系统性思维。成功的关键在于:

  1. 正确理解乱序请求的本质问题
  2. 合理选择数据结构和算法
  3. 主动考虑性能、并发、容灾等工程问题
  4. 清晰表达设计思路和技术权衡

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